6.共享模型之无锁 6.1 问题提出 (应用之互斥) 有如下需求,保证 account.withdraw 取款方法的线程安全
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 package cn.itcast;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;interface Account { Integer getBalance () ; void withdraw (Integer amount) ; static void demo (Account account) { List<Thread> ts = new ArrayList <>(); long start = System.nanoTime(); for (int i = 0 ; i < 1000 ; i++) { ts.add(new Thread (() -> { account.withdraw(10 ); })); } ts.forEach(Thread::start); ts.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); long end = System.nanoTime(); System.out.println(account.getBalance() + " cost: " + (end-start)/1000_000 + " ms" ); } }
原有实现并不是线程安全的
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 class AccountUnsafe implements Account { private Integer balance; public AccountUnsafe (Integer balance) { this .balance = balance; } @Override public Integer getBalance () { return balance; } @Override public void withdraw (Integer amount) { balance -= amount; } }
执行测试代码
1 2 3 public static void main (String[] args) { Account.demo(new AccountUnsafe (10000 )); }
某次的执行结果
为什么不安全 withdraw
方法
1 2 3 public void withdraw (Integer amount) { balance -= amount; }
对应的字节码
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ALOAD 0 ALOAD 0 GETFIELD cn/itcast/AccountUnsafe.balance : Ljava/lang/Integer; INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Integer.intValue ()I ALOAD 1 INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Integer.intValue ()I ISUB INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Integer.valueOf (I)Ljava/lang/Integer; PUTFIELD cn/itcast/AccountUnsafe.balance : Ljava/lang/Integer;
多线程执行
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ALOAD 0 ALOAD 0 GETFIELD cn/itcast/AccountUnsafe.balance INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Integer.intValue ALOAD 1 INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Integer.intValue ISUB INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Integer.valueOf PUTFIELD cn/itcast/AccountUnsafe.balance ALOAD 0 ALOAD 0 GETFIELD cn/itcast/AccountUnsafe.balance INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Integer.intValue ALOAD 1 INVOKEVIRTUAL java/lang/Integer.intValue ISUB INVOKESTATIC java/lang/Integer.valueOf PUTFIELD cn/itcast/AccountUnsafe.balance
原因:Integer虽然是不可变类,其方法是线程安全的,但是以上操作涉及到了多个方法的组合,等价于以下代码:
balance = new Integer(Integer.valueOf(balance) - amount);
前一个方法(valueOf)的结果决定后一个方法(构造方法),这种组合在多线程环境下线程不安全。
解决思路-锁 (悲观互斥)首先想到的是给 Account 对象加锁
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 class AccountUnsafe implements Account { private Integer balance; public AccountUnsafe (Integer balance) { this .balance = balance; } @Override public synchronized Integer getBalance () { return balance; } @Override public synchronized void withdraw (Integer amount) { balance -= amount; } }
结果为
解决思路-无锁 (乐观重试)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 class AccountSafe implements Account { private AtomicInteger balance; public AccountSafe (Integer balance) { this .balance = new AtomicInteger (balance); } @Override public Integer getBalance () { return balance.get(); } @Override public void withdraw (Integer amount) { while (true ) { int prev = balance.get(); int next = prev - amount; if (balance.compareAndSet(prev, next)) { break ; } } } }
执行测试代码
1 2 3 public static void main (String[] args) { Account.demo(new AccountSafe (10000 )); }
某次的执行结果
6.2 CAS 与 volatile 前面看到的 AtomicInteger 的解决方法,内部并没有用锁来保护共享变量的线程安全。那么它是如何实现的呢?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 public void withdraw (Integer amount) { while (true ) { while (true ) { int prev = balance.get(); int next = prev - amount; if (balance.compareAndSet(prev, next)) { break ; } } } }
其中的关键是 compareAndSet,它的简称就是 CAS (也有 Compare And Swap 的说法),它必须是原子操作。
注意
其实 CAS 的底层是 lock cmpxchg 指令(X86 架构),在单核 CPU 和多核 CPU 下都能够保证【比较-交 换】的原子性。
在多核状态下,某个核执行到带 lock 的指令时,CPU 会让总线锁住,当这个核把此指令执行完毕,再 开启总线。这个过程中不会被线程的调度机制所打断,保证了多个线程对内存操作的准确性,是原子 的。
慢动作分析 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 @Slf4j public class SlowMotion { public static void main (String[] args) { AtomicInteger balance = new AtomicInteger (10000 ); int mainPrev = balance.get(); log.debug("try get {}" , mainPrev); new Thread (() -> { sleep(1000 ); int prev = balance.get(); balance.compareAndSet(prev, 9000 ); log.debug(balance.toString()); }, "t1" ).start(); sleep(2000 ); log.debug("try set 8000..." ); boolean isSuccess = balance.compareAndSet(mainPrev, 8000 ); log.debug("is success ? {}" , isSuccess); if (!isSuccess){ mainPrev = balance.get(); log.debug("try set 8000..." ); isSuccess = balance.compareAndSet(mainPrev, 8000 ); log.debug("is success ? {}" , isSuccess); } } private static void sleep (int millis) { try { Thread.sleep(millis); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
输出结果
1 2 3 4 5 6 2019-10-13 11:28:37.134 [main] try get 10000 2019-10-13 11:28:38.154 [t1] 9000 2019-10-13 11:28:39.154 [main] try set 8000... 2019-10-13 11:28:39.154 [main] is success ? false 2019-10-13 11:28:39.154 [main] try set 8000... 2019-10-13 11:28:39.154 [main] is success ? true
volatile 获取共享变量时,为了保证该变量的可见性,需要使用 volatile 修饰。
它可以用来修饰成员变量和静态成员变量,他可以避免线程从自己的工作缓存中查找变量的值,必须到主存中获取 它的值,线程操作 volatile 变量都是直接操作主存。即一个线程对 volatile 变量的修改,对另一个线程可见。
注意
volatile 仅仅保证了共享变量的可见性,让其它线程能够看到最新值,但不能解决指令交错问题(不能保证原 子性)
CAS 必须借助 volatile 才能读取到共享变量的最新值来实现【比较并交换】的效果。
原子变量的值用了volatile修饰
为什么无锁效率高
无锁情况下,即使重试失败,线程始终在高速运行,没有停歇,类似于自旋。而 synchronized 会让线程在没有获得锁的时候,发生上下文切换,进入阻塞。线程的上下文切换是费时的,在重试次数不是太多时,无锁的效率高于有锁。
线程就好像高速跑道上的赛车,高速运行时,速度超快,一旦发生上下文切换,就好比赛车要减速、熄火, 等被唤醒又得重新打火、启动、加速… 恢复到高速运行,代价比较大
但无锁情况下,因为线程要保持运行,需要额外 CPU 的支持,CPU 在这里就好比高速跑道,没有额外的跑 道,线程想高速运行也无从谈起,虽然不会进入阻塞,但由于没有分到时间片,仍然会进入可运行状态,还 是会导致上下文切换。所以总的来说,当线程数小于等于cpu核心数时,使用无锁方案是很合适的,因为有足够多的cpu让线程运行。当线程数远多于cpu核心数时,无锁效率相比于有锁就没有太大优势,因为依旧会发生上下文切换。
CAS 的特点 结合 CAS 和 volatile 可以实现无锁并发,适用于线程数少、多核 CPU 的场景下。
CAS 是基于乐观锁的思想:最乐观的估计,不怕别的线程来修改共享变量,就算改了也没关系,我吃亏点再 重试呗。
synchronized 是基于悲观锁的思想:最悲观的估计,得防着其它线程来修改共享变量,我上了锁你们都别想 改,我改完了解开锁,你们才有机会。
CAS 体现的是无锁并发、无阻塞并发,请仔细体会这两句话的意思
因为没有使用 synchronized,所以线程不会陷入阻塞,这是效率提升的因素之一
但如果竞争激烈,可以想到重试必然频繁发生,反而效率会受影响
6.3 原子整数 J.U.C 并发包提供了:
AtomicBoolean
AtomicInteger
AtomicLong
以 AtomicInteger 为例
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 AtomicInteger i = new AtomicInteger (0 );System.out.println(i.getAndIncrement()); System.out.println(i.incrementAndGet()); System.out.println(i.decrementAndGet()); System.out.println(i.getAndDecrement()); System.out.println(i.getAndAdd(5 )); System.out.println(i.addAndGet(-5 )); System.out.println(i.getAndUpdate(p -> p - 2 )); System.out.println(i.updateAndGet(p -> p + 2 )); System.out.println(i.getAndAccumulate(10 , (p, x) -> p + x)); System.out.println(i.accumulateAndGet(-10 , (p, x) -> p + x));
说明:
6.4 原子引用 为什么需要原子引用类型?
AtomicReference
AtomicMarkableReference
AtomicStampedReference
实际开发的过程中我们使用的不一定是int、long等基本数据类型,也有可能时BigDecimal这样的类型,这时就需要用到原子引用作为容器。原子引用设置值使用的是unsafe.compareAndSwapObject()
方法。原子引用中表示数据的类型需要重写equals()
方法。
有如下方法
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 public interface DecimalAccount { BigDecimal getBalance () ; void withdraw (BigDecimal amount) ; static void demo (DecimalAccount account) { List<Thread> ts = new ArrayList <>(); for (int i = 0 ; i < 1000 ; i++) { ts.add(new Thread (() -> { account.withdraw(BigDecimal.TEN); })); } ts.forEach(Thread::start); ts.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); System.out.println(account.getBalance()); } }
试着提供不同的 DecimalAccount 实现,实现安全的取款操作
不安全实现 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 class DecimalAccountUnsafe implements DecimalAccount { BigDecimal balance; public DecimalAccountUnsafe (BigDecimal balance) { this .balance = balance; } @Override public BigDecimal getBalance () { return balance; } @Override public void withdraw (BigDecimal amount) { BigDecimal balance = this .getBalance(); this .balance = balance.subtract(amount); } }
安全实现-使用锁 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 class DecimalAccountSafeLock implements DecimalAccount { private final Object lock = new Object (); BigDecimal balance; public DecimalAccountSafeLock (BigDecimal balance) { this .balance = balance; } @Override public BigDecimal getBalance () { return balance; } @Override public void withdraw (BigDecimal amount) { synchronized (lock) { BigDecimal balance = this .getBalance(); this .balance = balance.subtract(amount); } } }
安全实现-使用 CAS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 class DecimalAccountSafeCas implements DecimalAccount { AtomicReference<BigDecimal> ref; public DecimalAccountSafeCas (BigDecimal balance) { ref = new AtomicReference <>(balance); } @Override public BigDecimal getBalance () { return ref.get(); } @Override public void withdraw (BigDecimal amount) { while (true ) { BigDecimal prev = ref.get(); BigDecimal next = prev.subtract(amount); if (ref.compareAndSet(prev, next)) { break ; } } } }
测试代码
1 2 3 DecimalAccount.demo(new DecimalAccountUnsafe(new BigDecimal("10000" ))); DecimalAccount.demo(new DecimalAccountSafeLock(new BigDecimal("10000" ))); DecimalAccount.demo(new DecimalAccountSafeCas(new BigDecimal("10000" )));
运行结果
1 2 3 4310 cost: 425 ms 0 cost: 285 ms 0 cost: 274 ms
ABA 问题及解决 ABA 问题
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 static AtomicReference<String> ref = new AtomicReference <>("A" );public static void main (String[] args) throws InterruptedException { log.debug("main start..." ); String prev = ref.get(); other(); sleep(1 ); log.debug("change A->C {}" , ref.compareAndSet(prev, "C" )); } private static void other () { new Thread (() -> { log.debug("change A->B {}" , ref.compareAndSet(ref.get(), "B" )); }, "t1" ).start(); sleep(0.5 ); new Thread (() -> { log.debug("change B->A {}" , ref.compareAndSet(ref.get(), "A" )); }, "t2" ).start(); }
输出
1 2 3 4 11:29:52.325 c.Test36 [main] - main start... 11:29:52.379 c.Test36 [t1] - change A->B true 11:29:52.879 c.Test36 [t2] - change B->A true 11:29:53.880 c.Test36 [main] - change A->C true
主线程仅能判断出共享变量的值与最初值 A 是否相同,不能感知到这种从 A 改为 B 又 改回 A 的情况,如果主线程 希望:
只要有其它线程【动过了】共享变量,那么自己的 cas 就算失败,这时,仅比较值是不够的,需要再加一个版本号
AtomicStampedReference
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 static AtomicStampedReference<String> ref = new AtomicStampedReference <>("A" , 0 );public static void main (String[] args) throws InterruptedException { log.debug("main start..." ); String prev = ref.getReference(); int stamp = ref.getStamp(); log.debug("版本 {}" , stamp); other(); sleep(1 ); log.debug("change A->C {}" , ref.compareAndSet(prev, "C" , stamp, stamp + 1 )); } private static void other () { new Thread (() -> { log.debug("change A->B {}" , ref.compareAndSet(ref.getReference(), "B" , ref.getStamp(), ref.getStamp() + 1 )); log.debug("更新版本为 {}" , ref.getStamp()); }, "t1" ).start(); sleep(0.5 ); new Thread (() -> { log.debug("change B->A {}" , ref.compareAndSet(ref.getReference(), "A" , ref.getStamp(), ref.getStamp() + 1 )); log.debug("更新版本为 {}" , ref.getStamp()); }, "t2" ).start(); }
输出为
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15:41:34.891 c.Test36 [main] - main start... 15:41:34.894 c.Test36 [main] - 版本 0 15:41:34.956 c.Test36 [t1] - change A->B true 15:41:34.956 c.Test36 [t1] - 更新版本为 1 15:41:35.457 c.Test36 [t2] - change B->A true 15:41:35.457 c.Test36 [t2] - 更新版本为 2 15:41:36.457 c.Test36 [main] - change A->C false
AtomicStampedReference 可以给原子引用加上版本号,追踪原子引用整个的变化过程,如: A -> B -> A -> C
,通过AtomicStampedReference,我们可以知道,引用变量中途被更改了几次。
但是有时候,并不关心引用变量更改了几次,只是单纯的关心是否更改过,所以就有了 AtomicMarkableReference
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 graph TD s(保洁阿姨) m(主人) g1(垃圾袋) g2(新垃圾袋) s -. 倒空 .-> g1 m -- 检查 --> g1 g1 -- 已满 --> g2 g1 -- 还空 --> g1
AtomicMarkableReference
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 class GarbageBag { String desc; public GarbageBag (String desc) { this .desc = desc; } public void setDesc (String desc) { this .desc = desc; } @Override public String toString () { return super .toString() + " " + desc; } }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 @Slf4j public class TestABAAtomicMarkableReference { public static void main (String[] args) throws InterruptedException { GarbageBag bag = new GarbageBag ("装满了垃圾" ); AtomicMarkableReference<GarbageBag> ref = new AtomicMarkableReference <>(bag, true ); log.debug("主线程 start..." ); GarbageBag prev = ref.getReference(); log.debug(prev.toString()); new Thread (() -> { log.debug("打扫卫生的线程 start..." ); bag.setDesc("空垃圾袋" ); while (!ref.compareAndSet(bag, bag, true , false )) {} log.debug(bag.toString()); }).start(); Thread.sleep(1000 ); log.debug("主线程想换一只新垃圾袋?" ); boolean success = ref.compareAndSet(prev, new GarbageBag ("空垃圾袋" ), true , false ); log.debug("换了么?" + success); log.debug(ref.getReference().toString()); } }
输出
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2019-10-13 15:30:09.264 [main] 主线程 start... 2019-10-13 15:30:09.270 [main] cn.itcast.GarbageBag@5f0fd5a0 装满了垃圾 2019-10-13 15:30:09.293 [Thread-1] 打扫卫生的线程 start... 2019-10-13 15:30:09.294 [Thread-1] cn.itcast.GarbageBag@5f0fd5a0 空垃圾袋 2019-10-13 15:30:10.294 [main] 主线程想换一只新垃圾袋? 2019-10-13 15:30:10.294 [main] 换了么?false 2019-10-13 15:30:10.294 [main] cn.itcast.GarbageBag@5f0fd5a0 空垃圾袋
可以注释掉打扫卫生线程代码,再观察输出
6.5 原子数组
AtomicIntegerArray
AtomicLongArray
AtomicReferenceArray
有如下方法
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 private static <T> void demo ( Supplier<T> arraySupplier, Function<T, Integer> lengthFun, BiConsumer<T, Integer> putConsumer, Consumer<T> printConsumer ) { List<Thread> ts = new ArrayList <>(); T array = arraySupplier.get(); int length = lengthFun.apply(array); for (int i = 0 ; i < length; i++) { ts.add(new Thread (() -> { for (int j = 0 ; j < 10000 ; j++) { putConsumer.accept(array, j%length); } })); } ts.forEach(t -> t.start()); ts.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); printConsumer.accept(array); }
不安全的数组
1 2 3 4 5 6 demo( ()->new int [10 ], (array)->array.length, (array, index) -> array[index]++, array-> System.out.println(Arrays.toString(array)) );
结果
1 [9870, 9862, 9774, 9697, 9683, 9678, 9679, 9668, 9680, 9698]
安全的数组
1 2 3 4 5 6 demo( ()-> new AtomicIntegerArray (10 ), (array) -> array.length(), (array, index) -> array.getAndIncrement(index), array -> System.out.println(array) );
结果
1 [10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000, 10000]
6.6 字段更新器
AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater // 域 字段
AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater
AtomicLongFieldUpdater 利用字段更新器,可以针对对象的某个域(Field)进行原子操作,只能配合 volatile 修饰的字段使用,否则会出现 异常
1 Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Must be volatile type
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 public class Test5 { private volatile int field; public static void main (String[] args) { AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater fieldUpdater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(Test5.class, "field" ); Test5 test5 = new Test5 (); fieldUpdater.compareAndSet(test5, 0 , 10 ); System.out.println(test5.field); fieldUpdater.compareAndSet(test5, 10 , 20 ); System.out.println(test5.field); fieldUpdater.compareAndSet(test5, 10 , 30 ); System.out.println(test5.field); } }
输出
6.7 原子累加器 累加器性能比较 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 private static <T> void demo (Supplier<T> adderSupplier, Consumer<T> action) { T adder = adderSupplier.get(); long start = System.nanoTime(); List<Thread> ts = new ArrayList <>(); for (int i = 0 ; i < 40 ; i++) { ts.add(new Thread (() -> { for (int j = 0 ; j < 500000 ; j++) { action.accept(adder); } })); } ts.forEach(t -> t.start()); ts.forEach(t -> { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }); long end = System.nanoTime(); System.out.println(adder + " cost:" + (end - start)/1000_000 ); }
比较 AtomicLong 与 LongAdder
1 2 3 4 5 6 for (int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) { demo(() -> new LongAdder (), adder -> adder.increment()); } for (int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) { demo(() -> new AtomicLong (), adder -> adder.getAndIncrement()); }
输出
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1000000 cost:43 1000000 cost:9 1000000 cost:7 1000000 cost:7 1000000 cost:7 1000000 cost:31 1000000 cost:27 1000000 cost:28 1000000 cost:24 1000000 cost:22
性能提升的原因很简单,就是在有竞争时,设置多个累加单元,Therad-0 累加 Cell[0],而 Thread-1 累加 Cell[1]… 最后将结果汇总。这样它们在累加时操作的不同的 Cell 变量,因此减少了 CAS 重试失败,从而提高性 能。
* 原理之伪共享(CPU 缓存结构) CPU 缓存结构
查看 cpu 缓存
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ⚡ root@yihang01 ~ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 1 On-line CPU(s) list: 0 Thread(s) per core: 1 Core(s) per socket: 1 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 142 Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8565U CPU @ 1.80GHz Stepping: 11 CPU MHz: 1992.002 BogoMIPS: 3984.00 Hypervisor vendor: VMware Virtualization type : full L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 8192K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0
速度比较
从cpu到
大约需要的时钟周期
寄存器
1 cycle
L1
3~4 cycle
L2
10~20 cycle
L3
40~45 cycle
内存
120~240 cycle
查看 cpu 缓存行
1 2 ⚡ root@yihang01 ~ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cache/index0/coherency_line_size 64
cpu 拿到的内存地址格式是这样的
CPU 缓存读 读取数据流程如下
根据低位,计算在缓存中的索引
判断是否有效
0 去内存读取新数据更新缓存行
1 再对比高位组标记是否一致
一致,根据偏移量返回缓存数据
不一致,去内存读取新数据更新缓存行
CPU 缓存一致性 MESI 协议
E、S、M 状态的缓存行都可以满足 CPU 的读请求
E 状态的缓存行,有写请求,会将状态改为 M,这时并不触发向主存的写
E 状态的缓存行,必须监听该缓存行的读操作,如果有,要变为 S 状态
4. M 状态的缓存行,必须监听该缓存行的读操作,如果有,先将其它缓存(S 状态)中该缓存行变成 I 状态(即 6. 的流程),写入主存,自己变为 S 状态
5. S 状态的缓存行,有写请求,走 4. 的流程
6. S 状态的缓存行,必须监听该缓存行的失效操作,如果有,自己变为 I 状态
7. I 状态的缓存行,有读请求,必须从主存读取
内存屏障 Memory Barrier(Memory Fence)
可见性
写屏障(sfence)保证在该屏障之前的,对共享变量的改动,都同步到主存当中
而读屏障(lfence)保证在该屏障之后,对共享变量的读取,加载的是主存中最新数据
有序性
写屏障会确保指令重排序时,不会将写屏障之前的代码排在写屏障之后
读屏障会确保指令重排序时,不会将读屏障之后的代码排在读屏障之前
* 源码之 LongAdder LongAdder 是并发大师 @author Doug Lea (大哥李)的作品,设计的非常精巧
LongAdder 类有几个关键域
1 2 3 4 5 6 transient volatile Cell[] cells;transient volatile long base;transient volatile int cellsBusy;
其中 Cell 即为累加单元
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 @sun .misc.Contendedstatic final class Cell { volatile long value; Cell(long x) { value = x; } final boolean cas (long prev, long next) { return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this , valueOffset, prev, next); } }
得从缓存说起
缓存与内存的速度比较
因为 CPU 与 内存的速度差异很大,需要靠预读数据至缓存来提升效率。
而缓存以缓存行为单位,每个缓存行对应着一块内存,一般是 64 byte(8 个 long)
缓存的加入会造成数据副本的产生,即同一份数据会缓存在不同核心的缓存行中
CPU 要保证数据的一致性,如果某个 CPU 核心更改了数据,其它 CPU 核心对应的整个缓存行必须失效
因为 Cell 是数组形式,在内存中是连续存储的,一个 Cell 为 24 字节(16 字节的对象头和 8 字节的 value),因 此缓存行可以存下 2 个的 Cell 对象。这样问题来了:
Core-0 要修改 Cell[0]
Core-1 要修改 Cell[1]
无论谁修改成功,都会导致对方 Core 的缓存行失效,比如Core-0 中Cell[0]=6000, Cell[1]=8000
要累加Cell[0]=6001, Cell[1]=8000
,这时会让 Core-1 的缓存行失效
@sun.misc.Contended 用来解决这个问题,它的原理是在使用此注解的对象或字段的前后各增加 128 字节大小的 padding,从而让 CPU 将对象预读至缓存时占用不同的缓存行,这样,不会造成对方缓存行的失效
累加主要调用下面的方法
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 public void add (long x) { Cell[] as; long b, v; int m; Cell a; if ((as = cells) != null || !casBase(b = base, b + x)) { boolean uncontended = true ; if ( as == null || (m = as.length - 1 ) < 0 || (a = as[getProbe() & m]) == null || !(uncontended = a.cas(v = a.value, v + x)) ) { longAccumulate(x, null , uncontended); } } }
总结 :
如果已经有了累加数组
或给base累加发生了竞争导致失败
如果累加数组没有创建
或者累加数组长度为1
或者当前线程还没有对应的cell
或者累加cell失败
否者说明累加成功,退出。
否则累加成功
add 流程图
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 final void longAccumulate (long x, LongBinaryOperator fn, boolean wasUncontended) { int h; if ((h = getProbe()) == 0 ) { ThreadLocalRandom.current(); h = getProbe(); wasUncontended = true ; } boolean collide = false ; for (;;) { Cell[] as; Cell a; int n; long v; if ((as = cells) != null && (n = as.length) > 0 ) { if ((a = as[(n - 1 ) & h]) == null ) { if (cellsBusy == 0 ) { Cell r = new Cell (x); if (cellsBusy == 0 && casCellsBusy()) { boolean created = false ; try { Cell[] rs; int m, j; if ((rs = cells) != null && (m = rs.length) > 0 && rs[j = (m - 1 ) & h] == null ) { rs[j] = r; created = true ; } } finally { cellsBusy = 0 ; } if (created) break ; continue ; } } collide = false ; } else if (!wasUncontended) wasUncontended = true ; else if (a.cas(v = a.value, ((fn == null ) ? v + x : fn.applyAsLong(v, x)))) break ; else if (n >= NCPU || cells != as) collide = false ; else if (!collide) collide = true ; else if (cellsBusy == 0 && casCellsBusy()) { continue ; } h = advanceProbe(h); } else if (cellsBusy == 0 && cells == as && casCellsBusy()) { boolean init = false ; try { if (cells == as) { Cell[] rs = new Cell [2 ]; rs[h & 1 ] = new Cell (x); cells = rs; init = true ; } } finally { cellsBusy = 0 ; } if (init) break ; } else if (casBase(v = base, ((fn == null ) ? v + x : fn.applyAsLong(v, x)))) break ; } }
总结:
先判断当前线程有没有对应的Cell
如果没有,随机生成一个值,这个值与当前线程绑定,通过这个值的取模运算定位当前线程Cell的位置。
进入for循环
longAccumulate 流程图
每个线程刚进入 longAccumulate 时,会尝试对应一个 cell 对象(找到一个坑位)
获取最终结果通过 sum 方法
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 public long sum () { Cell[] as = cells; Cell a; long sum = base; if (as != null ) { for (int i = 0 ; i < as.length; ++i) { if ((a = as[i]) != null ) sum += a.value; } } return sum; }
与运算和取模的关系
参考链接 :https://www.cnblogs.com/thrillerz/p/4530108.html
6.8 Unsafe 概述 Unsafe 对象提供了非常底层的,操作内存、线程的方法,Unsafe 对象不能直接调用,只能通过反射获得。jdk8直接调用Unsafe.getUnsafe()
获得的unsafe不能用。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 public class UnsafeAccessor { static Unsafe unsafe; static { try { Field theUnsafe = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe" ); theUnsafe.setAccessible(true ); unsafe = (Unsafe) theUnsafe.get(null ); } catch (NoSuchFieldException | IllegalAccessException e) { throw new Error (e); } } static Unsafe getUnsafe () { return unsafe; } }
方法:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 public final native boolean compareAndSwapObject (Object var1, long var2, Object var4, Object var5) ;public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt (Object var1, long var2, int var4, int var5) ;public final native boolean compareAndSwapLong (Object var1, long var2, long var4, long var6) ;public final int getAndAddInt (Object var1, long var2, int var4) { int var5; do { var5 = this .getIntVolatile(var1, var2); } while (!this .compareAndSwapInt(var1, var2, var5, var5 + var4)); return var5; } public final long getAndAddLong (Object var1, long var2, long var4) { long var6; do { var6 = this .getLongVolatile(var1, var2); } while (!this .compareAndSwapLong(var1, var2, var6, var6 + var4)); return var6; } public final int getAndSetInt (Object var1, long var2, int var4) { int var5; do { var5 = this .getIntVolatile(var1, var2); } while (!this .compareAndSwapInt(var1, var2, var5, var4)); return var5; } public final long getAndSetLong (Object var1, long var2, long var4) { long var6; do { var6 = this .getLongVolatile(var1, var2); } while (!this .compareAndSwapLong(var1, var2, var6, var4)); return var6; } public final Object getAndSetObject (Object var1, long var2, Object var4) { Object var5; do { var5 = this .getObjectVolatile(var1, var2); } while (!this .compareAndSwapObject(var1, var2, var5, var4));
Unsafe CAS 操作 unsafe实现字段更新 1 2 3 4 5 @Data class Student { volatile int id; volatile String name; }
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unsafe unsafe = UnsafeAccessor.getUnsafe();Field id = Student.class.getDeclaredField("id" );Field name = Student.class.getDeclaredField("name" );long idOffset = UnsafeAccessor.unsafe.objectFieldOffset(id);long nameOffset = UnsafeAccessor.unsafe.objectFieldOffset(name);Student student = new Student ();UnsafeAccessor.unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(student, idOffset, 0 , 20 ); UnsafeAccessor.unsafe.compareAndSwapObject(student, nameOffset, null , "张三" ); System.out.println(student);
输出
unsafe实现原子整数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 class AtomicData { private volatile int data; static final Unsafe unsafe; static final long DATA_OFFSET; static { unsafe = UnsafeAccessor.getUnsafe(); try { DATA_OFFSET = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(AtomicData.class.getDeclaredField("data" )); } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) { throw new Error (e); } } public AtomicData (int data) { this .data = data; } public void decrease (int amount) { int oldValue; while (true ) { oldValue = data; if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , DATA_OFFSET, oldValue, oldValue - amount)) { return ; } } } public int getData () { return data; } }
Account 实现
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Account.demo(new Account () { AtomicData atomicData = new AtomicData (10000 ); @Override public Integer getBalance () { return atomicData.getData(); } @Override public void withdraw (Integer amount) { atomicData.decrease(amount); } });
手动实现原子整数完整版+测试 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 public class UnsafeAtomicTest { public static void main (String[] args) { AccountImpl account = new AccountImpl (10000 ); account.demo(); } } interface Account { int getBalance () ; void decrease (int amount) ; default void demo () { ArrayList<Thread> ts = new ArrayList <>(1000 ); for (int i = 0 ; i < 1000 ; i++) { ts.add(new Thread (() -> { decrease(10 ); })); } for (Thread t:ts) { t.start(); } for (Thread t:ts) { try { t.join(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println(getBalance()); } } class AccountImpl implements Account { UnsafeAtomicInteger balance; public AccountImpl (int balance) { this .balance = new UnsafeAtomicInteger (balance); } @Override public int getBalance () { return balance.get(); } @Override public void decrease (int amount) { balance.getAndAccumulate(amount,(x,y) -> y - x); } } class UnsafeAtomicInteger { private volatile int value; private static final Unsafe unsafe; private static final long offset; static { unsafe = UnsafeAccessor.getUnsafe(); try { offset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(UnsafeAtomicInteger.class.getDeclaredField("value" )); } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) { e.printStackTrace(); throw new Error (e); } } public UnsafeAtomicInteger () { } public UnsafeAtomicInteger (int value) { this .value = value; } public final int get () { return value; } public final boolean compareAndSet (int expext,int update) { return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, expext, update); } public final int getAndIncrement () { int oldValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this ,offset,oldValue,oldValue + 1 )){ return oldValue; } } } public final int incrementAndGet () { int oldValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, oldValue, oldValue + 1 )) { return oldValue + 1 ; } } } public final int getAndDecrement () { int oldValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, oldValue, oldValue - 1 )) { return oldValue; } } } public final int decrementAndGet () { int oldValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, oldValue, oldValue - 1 )) { return oldValue - 1 ; } } } public final int getAndUpdate (IntUnaryOperator operator) { int oldValue; int newValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; newValue = operator.applyAsInt(oldValue); if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, oldValue, newValue)) { return oldValue; } } } public final int updateAndGet (IntUnaryOperator operator) { int oldValue; int newValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; newValue = operator.applyAsInt(oldValue); if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, oldValue, newValue)) { return newValue; } } } public final int getAndAccumulate (int x, IntBinaryOperator operator) { int oldValue; int newValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; newValue = operator.applyAsInt(x,oldValue); if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, oldValue, newValue)) { return newValue; } } } public final int accumulateAndGet (int x, IntBinaryOperator operator) { int oldValue; int newValue; while (true ){ oldValue = value; newValue = operator.applyAsInt(x,oldValue); if (unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this , offset, oldValue, newValue)) { return oldValue; } } } } class UnsafeAccessor { public static Unsafe getUnsafe () { Field field; Unsafe unsafe = null ; try { field = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe" ); field.setAccessible(true ); unsafe = (Unsafe)field.get(null ); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return unsafe; } }
6.9 自定义cas锁 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 public class LockCas { private AtomicInteger state = new AtomicInteger (0 ); public void lock () { while (true ) { if (state.compareAndSet(0 , 1 )) { break ; } } } public void unlock () { log.debug("unlock..." ); state.set(0 ); } }
测试
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 LockCas lock = new LockCas ();new Thread (() -> { log.debug("begin..." ); lock.lock(); try { log.debug("lock..." ); sleep(1 ); } finally { lock.unlock(); } }).start(); new Thread (() -> { log.debug("begin..." ); lock.lock(); try { log.debug("lock..." ); } finally { lock.unlock(); } }).start();
1 2 3 4 5 6 18:27:07.198 c.Test42 [Thread-0] - begin... 18:27:07.202 c.Test42 [Thread-0] - lock... 18:27:07.198 c.Test42 [Thread-1] - begin... 18:27:08.204 c.Test42 [Thread-0] - unlock... 18:27:08.204 c.Test42 [Thread-1] - lock... 18:27:08.204 c.Test42 [Thread-1] - unlock...
本章小结
CAS 与 volatile
API
原子整数
原子引用
原子数组
字段更新器
原子累加器
Unsafe
*原理方面